This section views the square root function as an inverse function of a monomial. This is used to explain the dreaded symbol and when to use (and not use) absolute values.
In its essence, a square root is an attempt to solve the equation for some constant . In particular we want to be able to solve something like . Hence the square root, and in particular the square root function was born.
But this immediately presented a problem. In our example of we can easily determine that both and work. So, if we use the square root function to ‘undo’ the power on to get we now have a situation where the right hand side could be either or ... and in fact it would need to be both if we want to make sure to get all the valid solutions. But a function can only output a single answer hence we have a pretty big problem.
The first step to getting around this problem is to simply pick a default answer. Since positives are generally easier to deal with than negatives, we decide by convention to have the square root return the positive valued answer. Thus even though the solutions to are both and , the solution to is only . This subtle difference is absolutely imperative; and is the entire basis for the dreaded symbol.
Now, you might object at this point by saying that this doesn’t actually get around our problem... and you’d be right! On the one hand if we relax the requirement on the square root operation to give both positive and negative values, it is no longer a function (which is all kinds of bad). On the other hand, if we only use the positive value result, we lose half of the ‘valid answers’; which is also bad.
Luckily we have come up with a solution to this conundrum, although our solution introduces one of the most common sources of confusion for precalc students, the dreaded symbol.
To understand where the symbol comes from, we first want to recognize when our sign problem is actually a problem. In our example , the sign problem is obviously an issue. In contrast however, the example only has one (real) solution; . Thus in this cube root example there is no sign issue. So what’s the difference?
The key observation is that the even power obliterates any negative sign on the solution; hence and . In contrast the odd power preserves negative signs; hence but . Thus this sign problem only occurs when we are dealing with even root-values.
In order to simplify algebraic roots then, we must treat even root values differently than odd root values. For even root values, when we try to simplify a term by evaluating the root, we can represent the fact that the output is only the positive value by using another function that only outputs positive values; the absolute value. For example; to evaluate something like we wouldn’t want to write as it is not clear that we are ‘choosing’ the positive output. Instead we write .
Using this notation however, we can more easily see that what we actually get when we simplify our example of is the
following:
| = | ||
| = | ||
| = | ||
That is to say, we are now trying to solve the equality , which makes it more clear that we should have as our solutions. Indeed, this is really where the is coming from; from solving/simplifying a situation of the kind something (where the of the root and/or the power can be replaced with any even number).
The short version of the symbol is the last paragraph of the above. Essentially the situation comes up when you simplify an even root-value radical of something to an even power, which gives you an absolute value. In practice it is rare for someone to give you a problem that isn’t simplified (at least in terms of even power vs even root). It is far more common that you have something being raised to an even power and you the solver, introduce the even root-value radical as part of your solution method. Thus there is a handy rule of thumb as follows; If you are the one to introduce the square (or other even root-value) root, always consider the possibility of the . If you are given a square root (or other even root-value), then it only outputs a positive.
The narrow bit of gray area is when you are given an even root of an even power (ie an unsimplified problem) because, even though the output is positive by the definition of the root function, that doesn’t mean the absolute value that you get when you simplify the even root with an even power won’t give you a style answer. So our rule of thumb listed above is merely that; a rule of thumb, not an absolute rule. In general you should always be careful when simplifying a given radical to see if both positive and negative answers would work. What you really want to look for is if the given (even) root represents an even function.
Unsurprisingly, there is more we must consider. However, when it comes to type one radicals that is pretty much it. So let’s consider the following example in an effort to see a (full) proper solution to an equation involving a type one radical.
Next we check for which means we want to solve the equation which, again moving the terms to one side gives us: which has no real solutions.
Thus we have as our proposed solutions, and . If we plug in each into the original equation, we verify that each of them do, in fact, satisfy the equation and we have our solutions.
