We learn a new technique, called substitution, to help us solve problems involving integration.

Computing antiderivatives is not as easy as computing derivatives. One issue is that the chain rule can be difficult to “undo.” We have a general method called “integration by substitution” that will somewhat help with this difficulty. The idea is this, we know from the chain rule that so if we conisder

This “transformation” is worth stating explicity:

Three similar techinques

There are several different ways to think about substitution. The first is directly using the formula

We will usually solve these problems in a slightly different way. Let’s do the same example again, this time we will think in terms of differentials.

Finally, sometimes we simply want to deal with the antiderivative on its own, we’ll repeat the example one more time demonstrating this.

More examples

With some experience, it is (usually) not too hard to see what to substitute as . We will work through the following examples in the same way that we did for Example ??. Let’s see another example.

If substitution works to solve an integral (and that is not always the case!), a common trick to find what to substitute for is to locate the “ugly” part of the function being integrated. We then substitute for the “inside” of this ugly part. While this technique is certainly not rigorous, it can prove to be very helpful. This is especially true for students new to the technique of substitution. The next two problems are really good examples of this philosophy.

To summarize, if we suspect that a given function is the derivative of another via the chain rule, we let denote a likely candidate for the inner function, then translate the given function so that it is written entirely in terms of , with no remaining in the expression. If we can integrate this new function of , then the antiderivative of the original function is obtained by replacing by the equivalent expression in .